Economics Test
1. Free trade arguments: helps global economy, foreign competition keeps prices down & encourages better quality products, lowers trade barriers, encourages better & more open relationships, protectionism can prompt retaliation (reducing exports and hurting businesses)
2. Protectionism arguments: nations w/ free trade are too specialized & codependent, new industries require protection from foreign business/competition, domestic businesses hurt by competition of cheap foreign labor, limited imports keep money in country, tool of influence/retaliation
3. Free trade: trade between countries w/ no barriers
4. Protectionism: use of trade barriers to protect industries from foreign competition (i.e. tariffs, quotas, embargos, and subsidies)
5. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): eliminated trade restrictions between Mexico, Canada, and the U.S., helped economies, increased trade, stimulated healthy competition, created less expensive goods and job growth
6. Externalities: side effects of economic decisions
7. Regulatory policies & agencies: protect public, makes rules about health & safety and requirements for products on market
8. Federal Reserve System: nation’s central bank made of 12 regional banks
9. Monetary policy: Federal Reserve System’s way of adjusting money supply, deals with discount rates, bank reserve requirements, and bonds to influence GDP and inflation
10. Expansionary policy: when economy is slow, government’s fiscal policy for less unemployment involves more spending and/or lower taxes
11. Contractionary policy: when economy is too fast, government’s fiscal policy to decrease inflation and slow demand is decreased spending and/or higher taxes
12. Reserve requirements: amount of money banks must have on hand at all times, set by Fed, change by monetary policy
13. Direct regulation: government policies that set rule/standard for individuals and businesses to follow, and provide punishment for not following the standard
14. Market incentives: government policies that help individuals/businesses (economically), or force them to assume total cost of actions
15. Inflation: increase in money supply when resources remain constant causing prices to rise and value of currency to fall
16. Recession: decrease in money supply when supplies are constant
17. Entitlements: what government is expected to provide for poor, old, disabled, etc. (i.e. Medicare)
18. Fiscal policy: Congress and President controlling economic activity through taxes and spending (contractionary vs. expansionary policies)
19. Tariff: tax on imported products, raising prices, giving domestic producer competitive advantage
20. Quota: limit # of given product which can be imported for given period, helps domestic industries
21. Embargo: total ban on imports/exports, can be used as punishment/protest against other nations
22. Trade deficit: when countries import more than they export (negative balance of trade)
23. Comparative advantage: certain areas of the ability/resources to more easily provide goods/services than elsewhere à production has lower opportunity cost
24. Why nations trade: satisfies people’s wants/needs easily and cheaply, helps world economy, different nations specialize in different things, codependence, exports bring in money, imports might be cheaper (foreign labor costs less)
25. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): dollar value of all goods/services produced
26. Consumer Price Index (CPI): determines inflation rate and % change in prices over time, indicator of cost of living, measures price of standard goods of typical consumer
27. Export: goods sent to another country for sale
28. Import: goods brought in from another nation for sale
Showing posts with label Social Sciences. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Social Sciences. Show all posts
Tuesday, December 4, 2007
World History, Renaissance People Project
Desiderius Erasmus
v Dutch (from the Netherlands)
v Christian humanist
v view of religion referred to as “philosophy of Christ”
v felt that religion should teach people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not give a system of beliefs
v criticized the Church’s abuses in The Praise of Folly (1509)
v believed external forms of religion were unneccessary, including pilgrimages, fasting, and relics
v set the foundation for the Reformation (refer to Martin Luther)
Baldassare Castiglione
v Italian writer
v wrote The Book of the Courtier (1528)
§ contained expectations of nobles/aristocrats
§ expressed ideal characteristics/behavior of perfect nobility
· born, not made
· must have grave and talent
· military/physical exercise
· classical education
· standard of conduct: show achievements with grace
§ followed for hundred of years
v greatly influenced social/political life and conduct
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
v German artist
v painted “Adoration of Maggi”
v greatly influenced by Italian artists – learned laws of perspective from them
v affected northern artistic Renaissance
§ used minute details, which were harmoniously worked into his art
§ tried to achieve standard of ideal beauty
§ carefully examined human form
Francesco Petrarch
v Florentine scholar and humanist
v called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism
v fostered development of humanism in the 14th century
v looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts à started search for similar works in monastic libraries throughout Europe
v began the emphasis on using pure classical Latin
Giotto
v Florentine painter and architect
v did many religious works
v one of the first artists in the Renaissance to give expressiveness to religious figures (made them more human)
v depicted realistic humans and animals
v showed human emotion in paintings
v understood pictorial space— how to make background and foreground
v direct approach to human experience/existence
Leonardo da Vinci
v Italian painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician, and engineer
v mastered art of realistic painting
v dissected human bodies
v goal was to create idealized forms
v able to show human emotion in his works
v wanted to show perfection of nature and individual in his art
v one of the 3 “artistic giants” of the High Renaissance period
Raphael Santi
v Italy’s best painter – created the numerous madonna works
v made frescoes in Vatican Palace (ex: School of Athens)
v showed unity between Christianity and humanism in his art
v paintings reveal balance, harmony, order
v one of the 3 “artistic giants” of the High Renaissance period
Niccolo Machiavelli
v Italian
v wrote The Prince
§ about politics in the West – how to obtain and keep power
§ rejected the idea that rulers should follow Christian principles
§ people with power can “act on behalf of the state” (without moral obligations)
v strong influence on following political leaders
v first person to stop using ethics/morals when scrutinizing political activity
Thomas More
v English
v Christian humanist & devout Catholic
v opposed King Henry VIII’s break from pope & his Act of Supremacy (1534)
v beheaded for disagreeing with king
Giovanni Boccaccio
v Italian author/poet
v wrote in vernacular language
v works contained realistic, lively individuals
v did not follow medieval character set ups, which were based upon piety, charity, and humility
v wrote Decameron
§ greatly influenced European literature
§ was borrowed from by Chaucer and Shakespeare (2 great English writers)
§ subject of many poems
Francois Rabelais
v French Renaissance author, philosopher & humanist
v studied Greek, Latin, science, philology, law
v practiced medicine
v revolutionary satirical works on sociopolitical events
v ridiculed certain Roman Catholic practices
v invented new words & metaphors
v supported etymological spelling
v influential writer
Isabella d’Este
v Italian marquise
v commissioned sculptures in Roman style
v made Mantua one of the most cultured courts in Europe
v drawn by Titan and Leonardo da Vinci
v important role in Italian politics: advanced Mantua’s position
Miguel de Cervantes
v Spanish novelist, playwright, & poet
v wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
§ considered 1st modern novel & great work of Western literature
§ written in vernacular language
v influenced writing – mastered dialogue and included much of it in his famous works
v also a soldier - fought in several battles, including the capture of Tunis
William Shakespeare
v English dramatist, playwright, actor, shareholder in theatre company (Lord Chamberlain’s Men)
v known for English literature during Elizabethan Era
v referred to as universal genius and master of language
v keen insight into human psychology
v wrote many comedies and dramas, which are still read today
Johannes Gutenberg
v German
v wrote Gutenberg’s Bible (1455) – 1st European book produced on a movable printing press
v played role in learning how to print with movable metal printing press
v helped with spread of knowledge
Hans Holbein the Younger
v German artist of Northern Renassiance
v illustrated Desiderius Erasmus’s satires
v helped with Martin Luther’s Bible translation
v painted many works for King Henry VIII and his court
v made portraits with ink and chalk of his subjects before painting
Hans Holbein the Older
v German painter
v created religious art in late Gothic style
v began the change of German art from Gothic to Renaissance style
v famous for illustrations in The Praise of Folly (see Desiderius Erasmus)
v Dutch (from the Netherlands)
v Christian humanist
v view of religion referred to as “philosophy of Christ”
v felt that religion should teach people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not give a system of beliefs
v criticized the Church’s abuses in The Praise of Folly (1509)
v believed external forms of religion were unneccessary, including pilgrimages, fasting, and relics
v set the foundation for the Reformation (refer to Martin Luther)
Baldassare Castiglione
v Italian writer
v wrote The Book of the Courtier (1528)
§ contained expectations of nobles/aristocrats
§ expressed ideal characteristics/behavior of perfect nobility
· born, not made
· must have grave and talent
· military/physical exercise
· classical education
· standard of conduct: show achievements with grace
§ followed for hundred of years
v greatly influenced social/political life and conduct
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
v German artist
v painted “Adoration of Maggi”
v greatly influenced by Italian artists – learned laws of perspective from them
v affected northern artistic Renaissance
§ used minute details, which were harmoniously worked into his art
§ tried to achieve standard of ideal beauty
§ carefully examined human form
Francesco Petrarch
v Florentine scholar and humanist
v called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism
v fostered development of humanism in the 14th century
v looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts à started search for similar works in monastic libraries throughout Europe
v began the emphasis on using pure classical Latin
Giotto
v Florentine painter and architect
v did many religious works
v one of the first artists in the Renaissance to give expressiveness to religious figures (made them more human)
v depicted realistic humans and animals
v showed human emotion in paintings
v understood pictorial space— how to make background and foreground
v direct approach to human experience/existence
Leonardo da Vinci
v Italian painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician, and engineer
v mastered art of realistic painting
v dissected human bodies
v goal was to create idealized forms
v able to show human emotion in his works
v wanted to show perfection of nature and individual in his art
v one of the 3 “artistic giants” of the High Renaissance period
Raphael Santi
v Italy’s best painter – created the numerous madonna works
v made frescoes in Vatican Palace (ex: School of Athens)
v showed unity between Christianity and humanism in his art
v paintings reveal balance, harmony, order
v one of the 3 “artistic giants” of the High Renaissance period
Niccolo Machiavelli
v Italian
v wrote The Prince
§ about politics in the West – how to obtain and keep power
§ rejected the idea that rulers should follow Christian principles
§ people with power can “act on behalf of the state” (without moral obligations)
v strong influence on following political leaders
v first person to stop using ethics/morals when scrutinizing political activity
Thomas More
v English
v Christian humanist & devout Catholic
v opposed King Henry VIII’s break from pope & his Act of Supremacy (1534)
v beheaded for disagreeing with king
Giovanni Boccaccio
v Italian author/poet
v wrote in vernacular language
v works contained realistic, lively individuals
v did not follow medieval character set ups, which were based upon piety, charity, and humility
v wrote Decameron
§ greatly influenced European literature
§ was borrowed from by Chaucer and Shakespeare (2 great English writers)
§ subject of many poems
Francois Rabelais
v French Renaissance author, philosopher & humanist
v studied Greek, Latin, science, philology, law
v practiced medicine
v revolutionary satirical works on sociopolitical events
v ridiculed certain Roman Catholic practices
v invented new words & metaphors
v supported etymological spelling
v influential writer
Isabella d’Este
v Italian marquise
v commissioned sculptures in Roman style
v made Mantua one of the most cultured courts in Europe
v drawn by Titan and Leonardo da Vinci
v important role in Italian politics: advanced Mantua’s position
Miguel de Cervantes
v Spanish novelist, playwright, & poet
v wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
§ considered 1st modern novel & great work of Western literature
§ written in vernacular language
v influenced writing – mastered dialogue and included much of it in his famous works
v also a soldier - fought in several battles, including the capture of Tunis
William Shakespeare
v English dramatist, playwright, actor, shareholder in theatre company (Lord Chamberlain’s Men)
v known for English literature during Elizabethan Era
v referred to as universal genius and master of language
v keen insight into human psychology
v wrote many comedies and dramas, which are still read today
Johannes Gutenberg
v German
v wrote Gutenberg’s Bible (1455) – 1st European book produced on a movable printing press
v played role in learning how to print with movable metal printing press
v helped with spread of knowledge
Hans Holbein the Younger
v German artist of Northern Renassiance
v illustrated Desiderius Erasmus’s satires
v helped with Martin Luther’s Bible translation
v painted many works for King Henry VIII and his court
v made portraits with ink and chalk of his subjects before painting
Hans Holbein the Older
v German painter
v created religious art in late Gothic style
v began the change of German art from Gothic to Renaissance style
v famous for illustrations in The Praise of Folly (see Desiderius Erasmus)
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